leukeemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow marked by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells. These cells can crowd out healthy blood cells, causing anemia, infections, and problems with bleeding or bruising. The disease is typically described by how quickly it progresses (acute or chronic) and by the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or myeloid). The four main forms are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Acute forms usually require urgent treatment, while chronic forms may progress more slowly.

Causes and risk factors include genetic factors and certain exposures. Age is a major influence, with some types more common in children (ALL) and others in adults (AML, CLL, CML). Prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy, certain genetic conditions (such as Down syndrome), and exposure to chemicals like benzene can increase risk. A family history of blood cancers may also play a role in some cases.

Symptoms commonly include fatigue, pale skin, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, fever, bone or joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen or liver. Diagnosis relies on blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy, with additional tests such as flow cytometry, cytogenetics, and molecular studies to determine the subtype and guide treatment. Imaging may be used to assess organ involvement.

Treatment depends on the leukemia type and patient factors. It often combines chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation. Supportive care, including blood transfusions and antibiotics, addresses complications. Prognosis varies widely by subtype, age, cytogenetics, and response to treatment. Early diagnosis and advances in therapy have improved outcomes for many patients.