lathérosclérose

Lathérosclérose, also known as atherosclerosis, is a chronic disease of the arteries characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques within the intimal layer. These plaques can constrict the vessel, cause turbulent blood flow, and may become unstable, leading to thrombosis and reduced perfusion of organs such as the heart, brain, and limbs.

Plaque formation begins with endothelial dysfunction, followed by uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and recruitment of inflammatory cells. Plaques consist of lipids, inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and a fibrous cap. Over time they may calcify and protrude into the lumen. Plaques can rupture, triggering platelet aggregation and acute obstruction, or gradually enlarge causing chronic narrowing (stenosis).

Risk factors include age, male sex, family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. Modifiable factors account for most risk, and effective management reduces event rates. The condition is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity worldwide.

Many plaques are asymptomatic until they cause significant stenosis or rupture. Coronary involvement can cause angina or myocardial infarction; carotid disease may lead to stroke or TIA; peripheral artery disease presents with claudication and, in advanced cases, limb-threatening ischemia.

Diagnosis relies on risk assessment, lipid and metabolic testing, and imaging such as carotid ultrasound, coronary angiography, CT angiography, or coronary calcium scoring. Treatment emphasizes lifestyle modification, statin therapy, blood pressure and glucose control, antiplatelet therapy in selected patients, and management of risk factors. Revascularization (angioplasty with stent or bypass surgery) may be indicated for significant disease or when symptoms are not controlled. Primary prevention and population health strategies aim to reduce incidence.