latexcontactdermatitis

Latex contact dermatitis, also known as latexcontactdermatitis, is an inflammatory skin condition triggered by contact with natural rubber latex. It can present as irritant contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis, the latter including type IV delayed hypersensitivity to latex proteins or additives and, less commonly, IgE-mediated reactions.

Causes and mechanisms: Irritant dermatitis results from repeated or prolonged exposure to latex-containing products, especially gloves, balloons, and elastic materials. Allergic dermatitis arises after sensitization to latex proteins or to chemical accelerators such as thiurams, carbamates, and mercaptobenzothiazole used in glove manufacturing. Exposure history is important, as healthcare workers and dental professionals have higher risk.

Clinical features: The hands are most commonly affected. Symptoms include redness, itching, burning, swelling, and sometimes vesicles. Chronic exposure can lead to dry, fissured, thickened skin or eczema-like changes. Systemic reactions, though rare, can occur in latex-allergic individuals upon contact with latex-containing products.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis relies on history and examination. Patch testing with latex and related rubber additives confirms allergic contact dermatitis; specific IgE testing can support a diagnosis of latex allergy in cases of immediate reactions, but patch testing is essential for ACD. Prick testing may be used if an immediate-type reaction is suspected.

Management: Avoidance of latex is the primary treatment. Use non-latex alternatives (nitrile, neoprene, vinyl) and implement protective skin care with emollients. Topical corticosteroids may reduce inflammation; severe or persistent cases may require specialist care. Individuals with latex allergy should carry an emergency plan and wear medical alert identification.

Prevention and prognosis: In high-risk settings, latex-free policies and education reduce incidence. Prognosis is good with strict avoidance; irritant dermatitis may persist if exposure continues.