kovatehoiset

Kovatehoiset (genus *Corydoras*) are a diverse group of small freshwater catfish native to South America, belonging to the family Callichthyidae. Often referred to as "dwarf catfish" or "penguin catfish," they are popular among aquarists for their hardy nature, peaceful temperament, and distinctive appearance. The genus comprises over 170 species, varying in size from the tiny *Corydoras habrosus* (around 1.5 cm) to larger forms like *Corydoras paleatus* (up to 10 cm).

Kovatehoiset are characterized by their elongated, slightly flattened bodies, large pectoral fins, and prominent barbels around the mouth, which they use to forage for food in the substrate. Many species exhibit sexual dimorphism, with females typically being larger and rounder than males. Their coloration ranges from plain silver or gray to vibrant patterns, including stripes, spots, or metallic sheens, depending on the species.

These fish are bottom-dwellers, thriving in well-oxygenated environments with soft to sandy substrates. They are omnivorous, feeding on detritus, algae, and small invertebrates, making them beneficial for maintaining tank cleanliness. Kovatehoiset are social creatures and should be kept in groups of at least six to prevent stress and aggression. They are generally compatible with other peaceful community fish, though they may compete for food with faster, more aggressive species.

In the aquarium trade, kovatehoiset are valued for their ease of care and adaptability to various water conditions, though they prefer slightly acidic to neutral pH levels and temperatures between 22–28°C. Breeding in captivity is challenging but has been achieved with some species, particularly *Corydoras pygmaeus* and *C. hastatus*, which are known for their small size and unique breeding behaviors. Due to their popularity, many species are widely available in pet stores and through specialized suppliers.