kohdunkaulasyövän

Kohdunkaulasyöpä, also known as cervical cancer, is a malignant tumor that originates in the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. In most cases, cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus, and many types exist, but only a few high-risk types are strongly linked to cervical cancer. The infection is typically transmitted through sexual contact.

The development of cervical cancer is usually a slow process. Precancerous changes, known as cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), can occur in the cells of the cervix. These changes are often asymptomatic and can be detected through regular screening tests. If left untreated, these precancerous cells can eventually develop into invasive cervical cancer.

Symptoms of cervical cancer may not appear until the disease is advanced. When they do occur, they can include abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause), unusual vaginal discharge, and pelvic pain. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions.

Diagnosis of cervical cancer typically involves a pelvic examination, a Pap test (cytology), and HPV testing. If these tests suggest abnormalities, a colposcopy with a biopsy may be performed to examine the cervix more closely and obtain tissue samples for examination under a microscope. Staging of the cancer is then done to determine the extent of its spread.

Treatment options for cervical cancer depend on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and personal preferences. They can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Early detection through regular cervical cancer screening is crucial for improving outcomes and preventing the progression of the disease. HPV vaccination is also an effective preventive measure against the types of HPV most commonly associated with cervical cancer.