Kohdunkaulasyöpä

Kohdunkaulasyöpä, also known as cervical cancer, is a malignant tumor that originates in the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. In most cases, cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a very common virus, and many types exist, but only a few high-risk types are strongly linked to cervical cancer. These high-risk HPV types can cause abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix, which over time can develop into cancer.

The development of cervical cancer is typically a slow process. Precancerous changes, called cervical dysplasia or CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), can occur years before cancer develops. These precancerous changes are often asymptomatic and can only be detected through regular screening tests, such as the Pap smear and HPV testing.

Symptoms of cervical cancer may not appear until the cancer has progressed. When symptoms do occur, they can include abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause), pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious conditions.

Diagnosis of cervical cancer involves a physical examination, Pap smear, HPV testing, and often a colposcopy, which is a magnified examination of the cervix. If precancerous changes or cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed for definitive diagnosis. Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and other factors. They can include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Regular screening is crucial for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer, as precancerous lesions are highly treatable. Vaccination against HPV is also an effective preventive measure.