kestrels

Kestrels are small to medium-sized falcons in the genus Falco, widely distributed across many regions of the world. They are best known for their hunting method: they hover in the air above open ground, scanning for prey before diving to strike.

Species commonly referred to as kestrels include the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and the American kestrel (Falco sparverius) of the Americas. Other related species include the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni). Plumage varies among species but most kestrels have a brown or rufous back and pale underparts, often with spotting. Males and females typically differ in coloration, and juveniles are more streaked.

Kestrels inhabit open habitats such as grasslands, farmland, coastal plains, and even urban areas, ranging from temperate to subtropical zones. They perch on wires, posts, or trees to search for prey and rely on wind to help their hovering.

Diet consists mainly of small vertebrates and insects. Common prey includes voles, mice, large insects, and small birds. They are diurnal and relatively silent compared with some other raptors, using speed and agility rather than sheer power to capture prey.

Breeding occurs in spring, with nests placed in tree hollows, cliff crevices, cavities in buildings, or other sheltered sites. The clutch is laid in a short period, and both parents participate in feeding the young until fledging, which takes several weeks.

Conservation status varies by species, but most kestrels are listed as Least Concern due to broad ranges and adaptability. Some populations, such as the lesser kestrel, have faced declines in parts of their range because of habitat loss and changes in land use.