karstsystem

Karstsystem refers to a landscape and groundwater system that develops in soluble rocks such as limestone, dolostone, and gypsum. It is defined by surface dissolution features like sinkholes (dolines), disappearing streams, and by extensive underground drainage through caves and conduits. In a karstsystem, much of the groundwater moves through fractures and enlarged cavities rather than through pore spaces, giving high permeability but irregular storage.

Formation and structure: Karst develops as rainwater, slightly acidic from dissolved carbon dioxide, percolates through the rock and dissolves minerals over long timescales. This creates voids that grow into networks of conduits, caves, and underground rivers. The system commonly includes an epikarst zone at the top, vadose channels above the water table, and phreatic conduits below, with springs where groundwater reemerges.

Hydrology and ecology: Karstsystems can transmit large volumes of water rapidly and are highly heterogeneous, making them vulnerable to surface contamination that can travel quickly through conduits. They often exhibit variable flow, with dry periods and sudden spring pulses. Cave ecosystems and speleothems formed by mineral deposition are notable biological and geological features.

Classification and significance: Types depend on rock type—limestone karst, dolostone karst, and gypsum karst—each with characteristic cave morphologies. Karstsystems provide critical groundwater resources, support biodiversity, and attract tourism, while also posing geohazards such as sinkhole formation and rapid contaminant transport.