kapacitní

Kapacitní is a Czech term used to describe phenomena, components or devices related to capacitance, the property of storing energy in an electric field. The word is derived from kapacita (capacity) and is used in physics, electronics and engineering to distinguish elements whose behavior is governed by electrical capacitance.

Capacitance is the ability of a system to store electric charge per unit voltage. It is defined as C = Q/V and is measured in farads (F). In practice, capacitance depends on the geometry of the conductors and the dielectric material between them; for a simple parallel-plate capacitor, C = ε0 εr A/d, where ε0 is vacuum permittivity, εr is the relative permittivity of the dielectric, A is the overlapping area and d is the separation.

Kapacitní senzory detect changes in capacitance caused by the proximity or contact of a conductive object, most commonly a human finger. They are used in touchscreens, trackpads and proximity switches. There are several approaches, notably povrchově kapacitní (surface capacitive) and vzájemně kapacitní (mutual capacitive) types, each with trade-offs in sensitivity and multi-touch capability.

Common applications include consumer electronics, automotive controls, industrial sensors and level or proximity sensing in liquids and solids. Advantages include high durability and no physical actuation for input devices; limitations include sensitivity to environmental conditions (humidity, moisture, temperature), need for calibration and potential interference by nearby objects or liquids.