jarðminjar

Jarðminjar, literally "earth relics" in Icelandic, denotes archaeological remains preserved in the soil. The term covers a broad range of material evidence of past human activity—from the foundations of houses and other structures to graves, middens, tools, weapons, utensils, and decorative objects. They may date from the prehistoric era through the historic period and are especially associated with the Norse settlement of Iceland, but also include earlier and later layers preserved in the landscape.

Most jarðminjar are identified through field surveys, landscape archaeology, and excavations conducted by museums and cultural heritage authorities. Dating is established through typology, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, and other methods. Because of their fragility and cultural importance, jarðminjar are protected by Icelandic law and may only be excavated or disturbed with permission from the relevant authorities. Discoveries typically require reporting to the National Heritage Agency or municipal authorities.

Preservation of jarðminjar is important for understanding settlement patterns, economy, and social structure in Iceland’s past. They provide evidence about daily life, trade, diet, and burial and religious practices. Examples include rural farmstead remains, coastal middens, and cemetery or burial-site remnants characteristic of the Norse settlement era, as well as earlier habitation traces found in lava fields and peat bogs.

The study and documentation of jarðminjar contribute to museums, education, and cultural heritage management, helping residents and visitors connect with Iceland’s archaeological and cultural history.