jaali

Jaali, also spelled jali, refers to a perforated ornamental screen used in Indian, Persian, and Islamic architecture. It is typically a latticework carved from stone, marble, wood, or metal, featuring geometric, vegetal, or calligraphic patterns. Jaali serves both decorative and functional purposes: it diffuses light, reduces glare, provides privacy, and allows air to pass through, which helps cool interiors in hot climates.

Patterns are usually arranged in repeating geometric tessellations or intricate floral motifs, with some screens incorporating inscriptions. The craft requires precision to form a uniform mesh that can be integrated into walls, arches, or windows. Jaali work reflects a synthesis of architectural geometry, artistry, and craft traditions, and has been prominent in Indo-Islamic and Mughal architecture while also appearing in Hindu and Jain buildings.

Historically, jaalis were used in mosques, palaces, forts, palatial courtyards, and stepwells. Notable examples include marble jaalis in the Taj Mahal, stone screens in Fatehpur Sikri, and the lattice-work windows of the Hawa Mahal in Jaipur. Similar lattice screens appear in many other monuments across South Asia, as well as in Persian and Arab houses of worship.

In modern architecture, jaali patterns are widely used in screens, facades, interior partitions, and decorative panels. Advances in woodworking, stone carving, and laser-cut metal have expanded their applications. Preservation and restoration efforts focus on maintaining historical jalis, which are valued for their craftsmanship, historical significance, and contribution to ambient light and ventilation.