isolants

Isolants are materials and products designed to limit the transfer of energy or signals between two systems. In common usage, isolants most often refer to insulating materials that reduce heat flow, but the term also covers electrical insulators and materials that damp or block sound.

Thermal isolants aim to minimize heat transfer by possessing low thermal conductivity, suitable density, and stability under service conditions. They are used in buildings, ducts, pipes, appliances, and refrigeration. Common thermal isolants include mineral wool, fiberglass, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, cork, and cellulose-based products, in forms such as boards, panels, foams, or loose-fill. Some advanced materials, like aerogels, offer very low conductivity at thin profiles.

Acoustic isolants reduce sound transmission and are often employed in walls, floors, ceilings, and vehicle cabins. They rely on mass, porosity, and damping to block or absorb sound, helping to improve privacy and comfort in occupied spaces.

Electrical isolants, or dielectric insulators, prevent unwanted current flow and enable safe operation of electrical components. They include ceramics, glass, polymers, and certain elastomers, chosen for high dielectric strength, temperature resistance, and environmental stability.

Performance and selection depend on temperature range, humidity, mechanical load, fire safety, and compatibility with surrounding materials. Installation may require moisture control, avoidance of air gaps, and proper fastening to maintain insulation continuity. Life-cycle considerations include durability, recyclability, and end-of-life disposal.

See also: building insulation, acoustic insulation, electrical insulators.