iodopovidone

Iodopovidone, commonly known as povidone-iodine, is an iodinated antiseptic formed by complexing iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). It is marketed in various topical forms, including solutions, ointments, scrubs, and swabs. The complex acts as a reservoir, releasing active iodine gradually to exert antimicrobial effects. In typical liquid preparations, the total iodine content is high, but the amount available for antimicrobial action is about 1% by weight, with the exact release dependent on formulation.

The antiseptic provides broad-spectrum activity, effective against many bacteria, yeasts, and enveloped viruses, with variable activity against non-enveloped viruses. It is not considered sporicidal under standard use. The mechanism involves iodine rapidly penetrating microbial cells and disrupting proteins and nucleic acids, leading to cell death. Povidone acts to stabilize iodine and modulate its release, reducing skin irritation compared with elemental iodine alone.

Common indications include preoperative skin antisepsis, disinfection of skin and mucous membranes prior to procedures, and cleansing of minor wounds and burns. Ophthalmic preparations containing povidone-iodine are used for preoperative disinfection of the eye. Cautions include potential skin irritation or allergic reactions, and staining of skin or fabrics. Systemic absorption may affect thyroid function with prolonged or extensive use, especially in iodine-sensitive individuals or those with thyroid disease. Interactions can occur with other iodine-containing products or iodinated contrast agents, which may increase total iodine exposure.

Contraindications include known iodine allergy. It should be used with caution in pregnant patients and in neonates, and not routinely applied to large open wounds without medical supervision.