introspection

Introspection is the examination of one’s own conscious mental states, including thoughts, feelings, motivations, and sensory experiences. It involves attending to internal stimuli rather than external events and can be practical, exploratory, or therapeutic. As a method, introspection aims to report on the contents and processes of the mind and is distinct from external observation or behavioral measurement, which infer mental states from outward actions.

The practice has roots in philosophy and psychology. In ancient thought, self-examination and Socratic questioning anticipated introspective inquiry. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, experimental psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener used structured introspective reports to study conscious experience, helping establish structuralism. Later, phenomenologists like Edmund Husserl argued for the importance of first‑person description of lived experience. Throughout the 20th century, introspection faced criticism for subjectivity and limited verifiability, leading to a shift toward objective measures.

Critics point to biases, memory distortions, and the inability to access implicit cognitive processes. As a research method, introspection is often complemented by objective tests and third‑person observation. In applied contexts, introspective reflection appears in psychotherapeutic approaches, contemplative practices, and metacognitive training, with mindfulness and cognitive‑behavioral strategies emphasizing careful attention to inner states without relying on simplistic self‑interpretation.

Today, introspection remains a topic of interest in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and qualitative research. It is valued for producing rich first‑person data about experience, yet regarded with caution due to its limitations. Researchers distinguish between deliberate introspection and spontaneous mental life and consider it alongside other methods to study consciousness and self‑awareness.