intoxicantes

Intoxicantes, or sustancias intoxicantes, are chemical agents that produce intoxication when consumed, inhaled, or otherwise absorbed. They alter perception, mood, consciousness, motor coordination, or behavior. The category is broad and includes legal products such as alcohol, illegal drugs, and certain medicines, solvents, or other substances that can affect the central nervous system.

Classification and effects: Intoxicantes are often described by their predominant effect on the central nervous system. Depressants slow brain activity (for example, alcohol and some sedatives); stimulants increase alertness or energy (such as cocaine and amphetamines); hallucinogens alter perception and thought (LSD, psilocybin); opioids produce analgesia and euphoria; inhalants include volatile solvents and gases. The same substance can involve multiple effects depending on dose, context, and individual factors.

Mechanisms and risks: They act by interacting with neuronal receptors or neurotransmitter systems, leading to changes in judgment, reflexes, and vital functions. Short-term effects range from euphoria and relaxation to impaired coordination, confusion, or nausea. Overdose or improper use can cause respiratory depression, coma, or death. Long-term use may lead to dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, organ damage, and mental health problems.

Regulation and public health: Legal status varies by jurisdiction. Some intoxicantes are tightly controlled or banned; others are regulated, taxed, or available by prescription. Public health responses include education, screening, addiction treatment, harm-reduction measures, and policies aimed at reducing accidents, overdoses, and other harms associated with use.