intoeingang

Intoeing, also called intoeing, is a gait pattern in which the feet point inward toward the midline while walking or running. It is most common in children and is typically a normal variation that improves with growth. In most cases, no treatment is needed and the condition resolves over time.

The most common causes are related to bone development and alignment. Metatarsus adductus involves inward turning of the front part of the foot and is often present at birth. Tibial torsion refers to an inward twist of the shinbone, and femoral anteversion describes inward rotation of the thighbone. These factors can occur alone or in combination. Less commonly, intoeing may result from neuromuscular disorders, hip problems, or more complex deformities.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on observation of gait and foot position. A pediatrician or orthopedist may assess range of motion, walking pattern, and leg alignment. Imaging or expert consultation is considered if the pattern is severe, unusual, or persistent beyond early childhood.

Treatment is typically conservative. Mild cases may require no intervention beyond periodic monitoring. Physical therapy can help with hip and leg flexibility and strengthening. For metatarsus adductus, serial casting or corrective casting may be used in some instances. Bracing and, rarely, surgical options are considered only for persistent, functionally limiting, or atypical deformities after careful evaluation.

Prognosis is generally favorable; most children outgrow intoeing by early childhood. Persistent or adult intoeing is uncommon and warrants further assessment to identify underlying causes. See also pigeon-toed, tibial torsion, femoral anteversion, metatarsus adductus.