interurban

Interurban refers to a class of electric railways that operated between urban areas, linking cities and towns over relatively short to medium distances. Unlike city streetcars, which mostly run within a single urban core, or long-distance mainline trains, interurbans were designed to provide frequent passenger service across regional networks. They typically ran on track either on dedicated rights-of-way or sharing street trackage in towns, and were powered by electric traction supplied from overhead lines or, less commonly, a third rail. Vehicles ranged from lightweight streetcars to purpose-built interurban railcars and trains, capable of higher speeds and longer travel times than typical streetcars.

Most interurban systems emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, amid rapid urban growth and the appeal of electric propulsion. They often offered daytime and evening service for commuters and travelers, and their routes helped spur suburban development around several metropolitan areas. In practice, networks varied widely in equipment, gauge, and governance, with some lines closely integrated into city transit systems and others operating as stand-alone railways.

The interurban era declined after World War II as automobiles, buses, and better roads drew riders away. Many lines were abandoned or converted to bus routes; some segments were retained and later revived as modern light rail or commuter services on former alignments. Today, interurban is used mainly in historical contexts, but has influenced the design of later urban rail and tram systems and remains a reference point for regional electric mobility.