interruptting

Interrupting is the act of stopping or interjecting someone who is speaking, with the aim of contributing to the conversation or shifting its direction. It can occur through overlapping speech, abrupt interruptions, or brief interjections that cut across the current speaker. Interruptions are a frequent feature of spoken language and appear in many conversational contexts, from informal chats to formal meetings. They are governed, imperfectly, by shared expectations about turn-taking and social norms.

Common forms include overlap, when two or more people speak at the same time; and true interruptions, which begin before the prior speaker has finished. Less overt interruptions include quick interjections or topic-framing phrases inserted mid-sentence. Some cultures tolerate faster, more direct interruptions; others regard them as rude or disrespectful, especially in formal settings.

Effects and functions: Interruptions can signal engagement, urgency, or a desire to correct or clarify. They can also derail the speaker, cause miscommunication, or create perceptions of dominance or disrespect. The impact often depends on context, relationship between speakers, and tone. Researchers study interruptions to understand turn-taking, power dynamics, and how conversational flow is negotiated in groups.

Management and avoidance: Listeners may hedge by waiting for a natural pause, using polite phrases to request the floor, or nonverbal cues to show readiness. Speakers may set norms at the outset, acknowledge contributions, or use structural cues to invite input. Effective communication often relies on balancing opportunities to speak with respect for others' contribution.