integracij

Integracij is the concept of bringing together separate components into a unified whole. In mathematics, integration is a central operation that assigns a number to a function, representing quantities such as area, total accumulation, or probability mass. Indefinite integrals describe families of antiderivatives, while definite integrals measure accumulated quantities across an interval. The most common frameworks include Riemann integration and Lebesgue integration, with the latter extending the scope to more functions and spaces. The fundamental theorem of calculus links differentiation and integration: under suitable conditions, the derivative of the accumulated quantity equals the original function, and the integral of a rate of change gives the total change.

Linearity, additivity, and change of variables are typical properties; integrals may be computed exactly for simple functions or approximated numerically by methods such as trapezoidal, Simpson, or more advanced quadrature, or by adaptive schemes.

Beyond mathematics, integracij appears in computer science and information systems as data integration or systems integration: combining data from different sources, resolving schema differences, and enabling unified analysis or operation. In this sense, integracij supports decision making, interoperability, and automation.

In the social sciences, integration refers to processes by which individuals or groups join a larger social system, including economic, cultural, and legal dimensions. Policy aims include reducing segregation, promoting equal access to services, and sustaining social cohesion.

Practical applications range from calculating areas and physical quantities to modeling probabilities and optimizing resources, as well as supporting migration policies and organizational design. Challenges include ensuring measurability, handling irregular data, and choosing appropriate models.