institcijas
Institcijas, often translated as institutions, are the enduring arrangements through which a society organizes behavior and coordinates collective action. They consist of formal rules and informal norms that govern what people can do, what is expected of them, and how decisions are made. Institutions are supported by organizations, including agencies, courts, firms, schools, religious bodies, and non-profit groups, which implement and enforce the rules.
Common types include public institutions (government ministries, regulatory agencies, the judiciary), private institutions (banks, universities, corporations),
Functions: institutions provide stability and predictability, reduce uncertainty, allocate resources, create incentives, resolve conflicts, and protect
Formation and evolution: institutions arise from historical practices, legal frameworks, and bargaining among actors. They persist
Impact and challenges: effective institutions support economic development, social cohesion, and governance; weak or capture-prone institutions
See also: institution, institutional economics, governance, social norms.