inputprocessoutputoutcome

Input-process-output-outcome is a framework used to describe how resources and activities convert inputs into results and effects. It is widely used in business, education, public programs, and systems thinking to organize thinking about how work leads to change.

Input refers to the resources, data, or ingredients fed into a system, such as money, personnel, equipment, information, or time. Process consists of the actions, methods, and transformations that convert inputs into outputs. Output is the immediate product or service delivered by the process, such as a finished item, a report, a lesson, or a service interaction. Outcome refers to the longer-term changes or benefits that result for individuals, organizations, or communities, which may occur after some delay and can be influenced by context.

Outputs are typically the means by which outcomes are achieved. Outcomes depend on the quality of inputs and processes, as well as external factors and timing. Feedback from outcomes can inform adjustments to inputs or processes, creating a loop of continuous improvement.

Examples include a training program: inputs (instructors, curricula, facilities); process (delivery method, activities); output (completed sessions, certificates); outcome (improved job performance, career advancement). In manufacturing, inputs (raw materials), process (assembly), output (finished goods), outcome (customer satisfaction, repeat purchase) may be tracked to assess effectiveness.

Limitations include potential oversimplification of complex systems, difficulty isolating causal links, and measurement challenges for long-term outcomes. Some variations use "impact" or "effects" in place of "outcome" to emphasize broader change.