injectionrelated

Injection-related refers to adverse events and conditions that arise from the administration of injections, including therapeutic injections, vaccines, and illicit drug use. It covers complications that occur in clinical settings as well as harms associated with self-injection or nonmedical use, and it includes both infectious and non-infectious outcomes.

Infectious complications are a major concern. They include cellulitis, abscess formation at the injection site, bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. Transmission of blood-borne pathogens can occur through sharing or reusing needles and improper sterilization, especially in non-clinical environments. Vaccination-related adverse events are usually mild, but rare systemic reactions such as anaphylaxis can occur and require immediate medical attention.

Noninfectious complications encompass nerve or vascular injury, hematoma, tissue necrosis from extravasation or ischemia, chemical irritation from injected substances, and inflammatory or granulomatous reactions to injectables or adjuvants. Air embolism is a rare but potentially life-threatening risk with certain intravenous injections.

Injection drug use presents additional concerns, including skin and soft tissue infections, vein damage, injection-site abscesses, overdose, and increased risk of transmission of infections such as HIV and hepatitis through unsafe practices. Harm-reduction strategies emphasize sterile equipment, safe handling, and access to medical care and addiction treatment.

Prevention centers on proper aseptic technique, sterile equipment, correct injection routes and sites, avoiding needle reuse, and adherence to vaccination safety guidelines. Management of injection-related problems involves prompt medical evaluation, appropriate antibiotics for infections, surgical drainage when needed, treatment of allergic reactions, and emergency care for overdose or anaphylaxis.