improv

Improv, short for improvisation, is a form of live theatre in which most or all of what is performed is created spontaneously by the performers, without a scripted text. It often relies on audience suggestions and collaborative creation.

Core principles include listening and responding truthfully, building on others’ ideas, and a willingness to “yes, and” rather than blocking. Safety and consent are emphasized, creating a supportive environment where ideas can be explored.

Techniques include games, exercises, and structured formats. Short-form improv uses quick, game-like scenes typically based on a prompt; long-form improvisation develops extended narratives and character arcs, sometimes following an agreed-upon premise or format.

History of modern improv traces its development to the 20th century, with pioneers such as Viola Spolin, whose theater games emphasized spontaneous interaction, and Keith Johnstone, who emphasized spontaneity and status. In the United States, groups like The Second City contributed to professionalization, while in the United Kingdom, experimental troupes developed alternative forms that influenced later practice.

Practice and pedagogy: Improvisers rehearse to improve listening, agreement, and adaptability. Training often includes warm-ups, trust-building, and scene work; safety protocols are common in classrooms and studios.

Cultural impact: Improv has influenced stand-up, television game formats, podcast-style performances, and education. It is used for entertainment and as a training method in business and public speaking, emphasizing collaboration and adaptability.