impedansanalyse

Impedansanalyse is the systematic study of how a system's impedance depends on frequency. Impedance, denoted Z, is a complex quantity that combines resistance and reactance (Z = R + jX). By applying an alternating current or voltage signal and measuring the resulting response, one obtains the frequency-dependent impedance, from which the linear electrical properties of the system can be inferred. Results are typically displayed as Nyquist plots, which show the imaginary part of Z against the real part, and Bode plots, which present the magnitude and phase of Z as functions of frequency.

Common measurement methods include impedance spectroscopy, time-domain impedance, and vector network analysis. Equipment such as impedance analyzers, impedance bridges, or four-electrode setups may be used to reduce contact and lead effects. The technique is widely applied across disciplines to characterize electrical, electrochemical, and dielectric properties of materials and devices.

Applications span electronics, materials science, and biomedicine. In electronics, impedansanalyse helps characterize components and dielectric materials. In electrochemistry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyzes interfaces in batteries, fuel cells, corrosion, and sensors. In biomedical engineering, bioimpedance measurements estimate tissue properties for diagnostics and monitoring. In nondestructive testing and mechanical systems, mechanical or acoustic impedance analyses relate forces to motions.

Interpretation often relies on equivalent circuit models that represent processes with resistors, capacitors, inductors, and diffusion elements. The approach assumes linear, time-invariant behavior and can be sensitive to temperature, baseline drift, and parasitic effects.