hálószer

Hálószer is a term used in Hungarian to refer to substances that promote sleep or induce sleep. In standard medical terminology, the more common term is altató szer. The word hálószer may appear in colloquial speech or older texts and does not have a single, universally defined meaning in contemporary medicine.

Common categories include prescription hypnotics such as benzodiazepines (diazepam, temazepam) and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone), as well as melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists. Over-the-counter options include sedating antihistamines (diphenhydramine) and certain herbal or dietary supplements such as valerian. In some contexts, low-dose antidepressants with sedative properties may be used.

Mechanism and use: many prescription hypnotics act by enhancing GABA-A receptor activity, increasing inhibitory neurotransmission to facilitate sleep. Melatonin works by signaling through melatonin receptors to regulate circadian rhythms. Indications typically include short-term treatment of insomnia, preoperative sedation, and, in some cases, anxiety management as an adjunct.

Safety and risks: dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal can occur with benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics; daytime drowsiness, cognitive impairment, and increased fall risk are notable, especially in older adults. Interactions with alcohol and other sedatives can be dangerous. Pregnancy and certain medical conditions require caution. Guidelines generally discourage long-term use in favor of non-pharmacological approaches such as sleep hygiene and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).

Regulation: many hálószerek require a prescription and may be controlled substances in various jurisdictions. Dosing and duration are usually limited, with regular medical re-evaluation recommended.

See also: hypnotic, sleep medicine, insomnia, sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.