hyperorality

Hyperorality is a neuropsychiatric symptom defined by a persistent oral-driven tendency to explore, taste, or ingest objects or substances that do not provide nutritional value. It is most closely associated with Klüver-Bucy syndrome, a condition produced by bilateral temporal lobe damage that frequently involves the amygdala.

Causes and associations include bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobes, often due to conditions such as herpes simplex encephalitis, stroke, tumors, or traumatic brain injury. The symptom can also appear, in a less specific form, in certain neurodegenerative disorders such as frontotemporal dementia, where behavioral changes are prominent. In many cases, hyperorality reflects broader disinhibition and compulsive behaviors resulting from temporal lobe dysfunction.

Clinical features typically involve oral exploration and consumption of nonnutritive items or substances, increased tactile and taste-oriented oral activity, and a tendency to place objects in the mouth. The behavior may occur alongside other features of Klüver-Bucy syndrome, such as placidity, altered visual recognition, or changes in sexual behavior, though presentation varies with the underlying pathology.

Diagnosis is clinical, supported by neurological examination and neuroimaging showing temporal lobe or amygdala involvement when relevant to the patient’s history. Differential diagnoses include other forms of disinhibited behavior, pica, and behavioral changes from dementia or traumatic brain injury.

Management focuses on addressing the underlying cause and reducing risks associated with the behavior. This often involves multidisciplinary care, safety planning, caregiver education, and supportive interventions. No specific, universally effective pharmacologic treatment targets hyperorality itself; management is individualized to the underlying condition and associated symptoms.