herpes

Herpes refers to infections caused by two related viruses of the family Herpesviridae: HSV-1 and HSV-2. After infection, the viruses establish latency in sensory nerve ganglia and can reactivate. Most people carry the virus for life, though symptoms may be mild or absent.

Transmission occurs through direct skin-to-skin or mucous membrane contact, including oral, genital, and sometimes ocular contact. HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes but can cause genital herpes; HSV-2 is the more frequent cause of genital herpes. Transmission can occur even when no symptoms are present (asymptomatic shedding).

Symptoms vary. Primary infection may include fever, malaise, and painful lesions at the site. Recurrent outbreaks are usually milder and shorter. HSV can also cause eye infections and serious complications in newborns or those with weakened immune systems.

Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by laboratory tests such as PCR or viral culture from lesion swabs, or by type-specific serology to determine HSV-1 or HSV-2 exposure.

There is no cure. Antiviral medications—acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir—can shorten outbreaks, reduce viral shedding, and lower transmission risk. They can be used episodically or as suppression therapy for frequent recurrences.

Prevention includes avoiding contact during active outbreaks and using barrier protection for sexual contact. People with frequent recurrences may consider antiviral suppression. Education helps manage symptoms and reduce transmission.