hulgateoorias
Hulgateoorias (literally "theory of wholes" in Estonian) refers to a family of theoretical approaches that emphasize wholes, aggregates, and systems rather than isolated parts. In Estonian academic discourse, the term is used across disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, management, and ecology to describe perspectives that seek to understand how interacting elements produce properties and behaviors that cannot be predicted by examining components alone.
Central ideas include holism, emergence, interdependence, and contextuality. Proponents argue that systems possess characteristics—such as structure,
Applications and methods vary by domain but commonly include systems modeling, network analysis, and agent-based simulations,
Critics argue that holistic approaches can be difficult to operationalize, test, or compare across contexts, risking