hipertensji

Hypertension is a condition of chronically elevated blood pressure in the arteries. It is typically diagnosed when systolic pressure is 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic pressure is 90 mmHg or higher on repeated measurements. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.

Most cases are primary (essential) hypertension, with no single identifiable cause. Secondary hypertension results from an underlying condition or medication, such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, sleep apnea, or certain drugs. Risk factors include age, obesity, high salt intake, physical inactivity, smoking, and family history.

Many people have no symptoms, and hypertension is often found during routine checks. Diagnosis relies on repeated measurements and may involve home blood pressure monitoring to confirm persistent elevation.

Management combines lifestyle changes and medication when needed. Lifestyle approaches include weight management, regular physical activity, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (DASH diet), reduced sodium intake, limited alcohol, and smoking cessation. If medications are required, choices include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers, tailored to the patient and coexisting conditions.

Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and vision problems. Regular monitoring and adherence to treatment lowers risk. Target blood pressure varies by guidelines and individual factors, but many aim for below 140/90 mmHg, with stricter goals for some patients.

Hypertension is common but modifiable. Public health measures that promote physical activity, healthy diet, weight control, and reduced salt intake contribute to lowering population blood pressure and related disease.