hiperpotasemii

Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function, including the heart. A normal serum potassium level typically ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Hyperkalemia is generally defined as a potassium level above 5.0 or 5.5 mmol/L, with severity often classified based on the degree of elevation.

The causes of hyperkalemia are diverse and can include impaired kidney function, which is the primary organ responsible for excreting excess potassium. Other contributing factors involve the intake of potassium-rich foods or supplements, certain medications such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, potassium-sparing diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Conditions like adrenal insufficiency, rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), and severe burns can also lead to elevated potassium levels.

Symptoms of hyperkalemia can vary widely and may be absent in mild cases. When present, they can include muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, and a tingling sensation. In severe cases, hyperkalemia can lead to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias, including bradycardia, and even cardiac arrest. Diagnosis is made through a blood test measuring serum potassium levels.

Treatment for hyperkalemia depends on its severity and the underlying cause. Mild hyperkalemia might be managed by restricting dietary potassium and discontinuing offending medications. More severe cases may require immediate medical intervention, such as the administration of intravenous calcium to stabilize the heart, insulin and glucose to shift potassium into cells, or medications like loop diuretics to promote potassium excretion. In critical situations, hemodialysis may be necessary to rapidly remove excess potassium from the blood.