excreting

Excreting refers to the biological process of removing wastes from an organism. It is a fundamental aspect of metabolism that helps maintain internal chemical stability and prevents the buildup of toxic substances. The term excretion comes from Latin excretare, meaning to separate out or discard.

In animals, excretion occurs through several organ systems. The urinary system filters blood in the kidneys to produce urine, which carries water, electrolytes, and waste products such as urea and creatinine out of the body. The digestive system eliminates solid waste in the form of feces, containing indigestible matter and microbial byproducts. The respiratory system disposes of carbon dioxide and some water vapor produced during cellular respiration. The skin contributes to excretion through perspiration, releasing water and salts. In some species, bile and other metabolites are excreted into the digestive tract for elimination.

Regulation and homeostasis are central to excretion. The kidneys adjust the volume and composition of body fluids, guided by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone to balance water, salt, and other ions. Excretion also helps detoxify the body by removing metabolic wastes and xenobiotics. Abnormal excretion or filtration can indicate diseases such as kidney dysfunction or liver disorders.

Excretion is observed across many life forms, though mechanisms vary. While excretion is sometimes conflated with secretion, excretion specifically refers to the elimination of waste products from the body, whereas secretion denotes the release of useful substances produced by cells for use elsewhere.