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Hyperglycemia refers to a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. This typically occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin, or when it cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose from food move from the bloodstream into cells for energy.

The most common causes of hyperglycemia are diabetes mellitus, specifically type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin's effects or does not produce enough to keep blood glucose levels normal. Other factors that can contribute to hyperglycemia include stress, illness, certain medications such as corticosteroids, and a diet high in carbohydrates.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia can develop gradually and may include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, and increased hunger. If left untreated, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to serious long-term complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart.

Diagnosis of hyperglycemia is typically made through blood glucose tests, such as fasting blood glucose tests or random blood glucose tests. Management involves lifestyle modifications like a balanced diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. For many individuals, medication, including insulin injections or oral antidiabetic drugs, is necessary to control blood glucose levels. Regular monitoring of blood sugar is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications.