hijama

Hijama is a form of cupping therapy commonly associated with Islamic medicine, although similar practices appear in various ancient medical traditions. In hijama, suction is applied to the skin, and in wet cupping small superficial skin incisions are made to draw blood. Dry cupping uses suction alone, while hijama typically refers to the wetted procedure. The treatment is usually done on the back, shoulders, neck, or limbs, and may be repeated in several sessions.

During the procedure, cups create a vacuum on the skin to draw blood to the area. In wet cupping, after suction, small incisions are made to allow blood to be drawn into the cups. The number of cups and the duration vary by practitioner and tradition. After the cups are removed, the skin is treated to reduce bleeding and promote healing.

Uses and claims associated with hijama include relief of pain, headaches, fatigue, inflammation, and certain musculoskeletal conditions. Proponents also cite general well-being benefits. However, scientific evidence for these outcomes is limited and often of low methodological quality. Systematic reviews have found only modest or inconclusive support for many conditions, and hijama is not considered a proven therapy for most medical issues. It should not replace conventional treatment.

Safety and regulation vary by country. Potential risks include skin infection, burns, scarring, excessive bleeding, and cross-contamination if equipment is not sterile. Hijama should be performed by trained practitioners who use sterile equipment and appropriate aftercare. It is generally discouraged for people with bleeding disorders, anemia, significant liver or kidney disease, pregnancy, or open skin lesions.

Historically, hijama has deep roots in traditional medicine and remains practiced in many regions, often integrated with cultural and religious beliefs.