heitu

Heitu, or 黑土 (hēi tǔ), literally meaning "black soil," is a term used in Chinese agronomy to describe fertile, dark-colored soils rich in organic matter. Internationally, similar soils are often classified as Mollisols or Chernozems in soil taxonomies. The designation can refer to the Northeast Chinese black soil region as well as analogous soils in other temperate zones.

Characteristics of heitu include a thick, dark surface horizon with high humus content, strong structure, and high base saturation. They typically store water effectively and are nutrient-rich, with substantial levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. These properties support high agricultural productivity and long-term crop yields under suitable management.

Formation and distribution ideas center on climate and vegetation. Heitu develop under prolonged grassland or prairie cover in regions with adequate moisture and cold winters. The dark color reflects sustained accumulation of organic matter. Globally, soils of this type are prominent in the Eurasian steppe belt, the North American prairie, and China’s black soil zones, especially the Songnen Plain and adjacent areas in Northeast China, where the soils are locals commonly described as black land.

Uses and management emphasize agriculture and conservation. Heitu are among the most productive soils for cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, and other crops. They are particularly vulnerable to erosion and nutrient loss if over-cultivated or mismanaged. Sustainable practices include crop residue retention, reduced tillage, crop rotations, and soil testing to maintain fertility and reduce degradation.

See also: Mollisols, Chernozem, Black soil belt.