handshaping

Handshaping is a term used in sign language linguistics and in grip terminology for sports and activities. It denotes the configuration of the hand for a particular action or signal. In sign languages, handshape is one of the primary phonological parameters that constitute a sign, along with location, movement, orientation, and facial expressions. The hand is configured in a specific shape, from a closed fist to an open palm or a particular finger arrangement, and this shape can be modified during signs. Sign languages have finite inventories of handshapes, with some shared across signs and others varying by dialect. Learners acquire handshapes through imitation and phonological awareness; errors in handshape are a common focus in instruction. Handshape can interact with movement and orientation to distinguish otherwise similar signs, and sometimes small handshape changes alter a sign’s meaning.

In climbing and related disciplines, handshape describes how the fingers and palm wrap around a hold. Common grip configurations include open-handed grips, half-crimp, full crimp, and pinches. The chosen handshape influences grip strength, load distribution on tendons, and the risk of injuries. Climbers develop the ability to switch handshape safely and efficiently through technique training, progressive loading, and conditioning.

Other specialized uses occur in mime, acting, robotics, and rehabilitation, where handshape denotes a prescribed configuration of the hand.