handbells

Handbells are a family of pitched percussion instruments used in ensembles. Each handbell is a tuned metal bell with a handle; inside, a small clapper strikes the bell to produce a musical pitch. In a handbell ensemble, each bell is assigned to a specific note, and ringers cooperate to play melodies, harmonies, and rhythms.

Construction and range: Most handbells are cast from bell bronze (a copper-tin alloy) and mounted on a wooden or polymer handle. Bells are designed to be rung by hand, and sound is controlled by the ringer's technique and dampening. Sets commonly cover two to five octaves, with larger ensembles using many more bells. Bells are typically arranged in a rack or on a table in pitch order to facilitate reading and performance.

Playing technique: Ringers grip the handle and tilt the bell so that the clapper strikes on the inside, producing the note. After ringing, the ringer dampens the bell to prevent continued ringing. Proper technique minimizes stray clapper contact and controls dynamics, articulation, and phrasing. Gloves are sometimes worn to protect hands and reduce friction.

Ensemble use: Handbells are used in churches, schools, community groups, and concert settings. The repertoire ranges from liturgical and classical transcriptions to contemporary compositions. Notation can resemble standard choir or instrumental music, with specific bells assigned to each part; skilled ensembles coordinate multiple ringers per bell and use bell trees or cueing for cues and transitions.

History: Handbells originated in England in the early modern period and became a popular educational and musical tool. The modern handbell choir movement grew in the mid-20th century, especially in the United States, leading to widespread use in churches, schools, and community groups worldwide. Related instruments include handchimes, which produce a similar effect with tubes instead of bells.