halberds

A halberd is a two-handed European polearm consisting of a wooden shaft topped by a steel head that combines a spear point with a single-edged axe blade and a back-facing hook or thorn. The weapon is typically mounted on a shaft about 1.5 to 2.2 meters long, with a metal head and a reinforced butt or end-cap for balance and protection. The design allows thrusting, slicing, and grappling maneuvers, making it versatile for infantry use.

The halberd emerged in the late Middle Ages and became widespread in Central Europe during the 14th to 16th centuries. It was especially associated with Swiss and German infantry, as well as Landsknecht regiments, where its reach and versatility complemented pikes and early firearms. In battle, halberds could penetrate armor, cut through shields, and hook or pull riders from horses, while the spear point provided direct thrusting capability.

There are regional design variations, but the essential features remain a spear-like point for thrusting, a broad axe blade for cutting, and a hook for grappling or pulling. Some examples emphasize a longer blade or a more pronounced hook, reflecting local fighting traditions and manufacturing practices.

With the rise of dense firearm-armed formations and bayonets, halberds declined as military weapons by the late 16th century. They persisted in ceremonial use and in training for historical martial arts and reenactment. Today, halberds are produced for collectors, stage productions, and practitioners of historical European martial arts.