haarniska

Haarniska is the Swedish term for mail armor, a flexible form of body protection made from interlocking metal rings. It was widely used in Europe from late antiquity into the late medieval period and could protect the torso, arms, and legs. Haarniska was commonly worn over a padded garment and could be used alone or in combination with plate armor.

Construction and variants: Mail armor consists of rings linked in regular patterns, most often iron or steel. Rings can be riveted, welded, or linked in a 4‑in‑1 pattern, depending on era and region. Common garments include the hauberk, a long shirt reaching the mid-thigh; the coif for the head and neck; and chausses for the legs. The fabric-like mesh allowed good mobility while offering protection against cuts and slashes.

Function and limitations: Mail is most effective against bladed cuts and provides some protection against piercing weapons and arrows, though its effectiveness varied with ring size and weave. It offered limited protection against blunt force and, if poorly maintained, could corrode. Wearing mail required a padded garment underneath and regular maintenance to prevent rust and damage.

History and usage: Haarniska appeared in several medieval cultures, notably in Western Europe, Byzantium, and parts of the Islamic world, where it was valued by infantry and cavalry alike. Over time, it was gradually supplanted by plate armor, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries, though mail continued to be used in combination with plates or for lighter protection in some regions.

Legacy: Today, haarniska is studied as a key element of medieval military equipment. It remains a common focus for reenactment, historical reconstruction, and museum collections, symbolizing the craft and warfare of its era.