groundpolished

Groundpolished refers to a category of stone tools produced by grinding and polishing surfaces and edges rather than relying solely on percussion flaking. Tools made in this way typically have smooth, glossy surfaces and a durable, well-defined edge, characteristics that distinguish them from flaked stone implements.

Production methods involve an initial rough shaping by pecking or flaking, followed by grinding the faces and edges against an abrasive stone to remove microfractures and create a uniform cross-section. A final polish with finer abrasives can yield a glossy finish. The technique emphasizes edge refinement and overall tool durability, often enabling longer use and more comfortable hafting.

Materials commonly used for groundpolished tools include hard lithologies such as granite, diorite, basalt, quartzite, and greenstone. Forms include axes and adzes (often referred to as celts in some regions), chisels, gouges, and scrapers. The polish and cross-sectional shape help identify tool function and regional technology.

Historical context varies by region, but groundpolished stone tool technology arose independently in multiple areas during the late Neolithic and persisted into the Bronze Age in many cultures. Its spread is associated with woodworking, construction, and agricultural activities, where durable, haftable tools offered practical advantages over purely flaked implements.

Significance of the groundpolished tradition lies in its emphasis on tool longevity, edge retention, and the ability to produce standardized, hafted implements. The approach contrasts with flaked technologies and reflects adaptations to different environments and labor practices.