chisels

Chisels are hand tools consisting of a blade fixed to a handle, designed to cut, pare, or shape material. They are used in woodworking, masonry, and metalworking, with woodworking chisels forming the largest category in everyday carpentry and cabinetry.

Woodworking chisels include paring chisels, bevel-edged chisels, firmer chisels, and mortise chisels. Bevel-edged chisels have a single bevel on one edge, while firmer chisels are flat-ground on both faces. Mortise chisels are thicker and heavier, built to remove material from joints and are typically struck with a mallet. Masonry chisels are hardened blades used with a hammer to split stone or concrete, and cold chisels are hardened for metalworking.

Construction and material: blades are usually made of high-carbon or alloy steel, hardened and tempered for edge retention. Handles may be wooden or plastic, and blades are often secured by tang or socket connections. Widths vary from narrow paring chisels to wide removal chisels, enabling both fine work and substantial material removal.

Sharpening and maintenance: a sharp edge is essential. Regular honing with appropriate sharpening stones keeps the edge true, while occasional grinding restores a damaged edge. Bevel angles for woodworking chisels commonly range around 25 to 30 degrees, with heavier-duty chisels kept at steeper angles. The backs of paring chisels are often flattened to improve accuracy. After use, blades should be dried and lightly oiled to prevent rust; store chisels in a dry place.

Safety and technique: workpieces should be securely clamped, and hands kept behind the cutting edge. Use controlled strokes, avoid binding the blade, and respect material grain to reduce tear-out or slip.

History: chisels have ancient origins and are among the oldest tools, evolving in form and material as metalworking and woodworking techniques developed.