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Grout is a material used to fill and seal the joints between tiles or masonry units. It provides a finished appearance, helps distribute loads, and prevents water and debris from penetrating the substrate. Grout comes in several formulations, most commonly cementitious, epoxy, and polyurethane, each with distinct properties and care requirements.

Cementitious grout is made from cement, water, and sometimes fine aggregates, with additives to improve workability and durability. It is available as sanded grout for joints wider than about 4 mm and unsanded grout for narrow joints. Polymer-modified cementitious grout improves adhesion, reduces shrinkage, and eases cleaning.

Epoxy grout uses a resin and hardener and offers high chemical resistance, stain resistance, and low water absorption, making it suitable for wet areas and commercial settings. It is generally more expensive and harder to work with, requiring careful mixing and cleanup. Polyurethane grout is durable and flexible, useful in applications with movement or where epoxy is impractical, though it is less common for traditional tile work.

Installation involves mixing the grout to the required consistency, applying with a rubber float, and forcing it into joints. Excess grout is cleaned from tile faces with a damp sponge, and the joints are allowed to cure. Cementitious grouts may require sealing to improve stain resistance and to reduce water ingress; curing times vary by product and conditions.

Maintenance focuses on cleaning and, for cementitious grouts, periodic sealing to minimize staining. Common issues include cracking from substrate movement, shrinkage, efflorescence of soluble salts, and staining in cementitious grouts. Selection depends on location, expected movement, and maintenance preferences.