grottos

A grotto is a natural or artificial recess or cave, typically small and picturesque, often with sheltered spaces or decorative features. The word grotto comes from Italian grotta meaning cave or cavern. Grottoes are found worldwide, in coastal and mountainous regions, as well as in man-made landscapes.

Natural grottos form through geological processes. In karst regions, dissolution of limestone creates caves and features such as alcoves and grotto-like recesses. Marine grottoes are sea caves carved by waves and tides; some grottoes host stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones. The interior microclimate can be humid and cool, supporting unique organisms.

Artificial or garden grottos are a feature of landscape design, especially in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. These decorative grottoes imitate natural caves with rockwork, shells, minerals, artificial stalactites, and sometimes water features or lanterns. They were used to create a sense of mystery and antiquity and to display curated minerals.

In religious and cultural contexts, grottoes may house shrines or be used for contemplation and pilgrimage, such as Marian grottoes; many parks and estates include grottoes as features. Conservation concerns include damage from weathering, vandalism, and over-tourism; restoration requires careful attention to historical materials and geological integrity.