gorillas

Gorillas are the largest living primates and are native to the forests of central Africa. They belong to the genus Gorilla, with two widely recognized species: Gorilla gorilla (the western gorilla) and Gorilla beringei (the eastern gorilla). Each species has two subspecies: the western lowland gorilla (G. g. gorilla) and Grauer’s gorilla (G. g. graueri); the mountain gorilla (G. b. beringei) and the eastern lowland gorilla (G. b. graueri).

Gorillas inhabit a range of forest environments, from lowland tropical forests to montane forests at higher elevations. They are primarily herbivorous, feeding on leaves, stems, fruit, and bamboo shoots, with occasional insects. Social groups are typically led by a mature silverback male and include several ranges of females and their offspring. Group sizes vary, and migration between groups occurs. Reproduction is slow; females reach sexual maturity around 8 to 10 years, with a gestation of about 8.5 months and an interval of roughly four years between births.

Gorillas are highly social and exhibit complex behaviors and communication. They use a variety of vocalizations, gestures, and facial expressions to coordinate group activities and bond within the group. They build sleeping nests from vegetation and are largely terrestrial, though they move through trees as needed. Tool use has been observed in some populations, reflecting notable cognitive abilities.

Conservation status varies by subspecies, but gorillas as a group are endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and disease, notably Ebola. Protected areas and anti-poaching efforts, along with community-based conservation programs, have helped some populations recover, particularly mountain gorillas in parts of the Virunga range and Bwindi. Zoos and research centers also support ex situ programs.