goldenrod

Goldenrod is the common name for a group of flowering plants in the genus Solidago, within the family Asteraceae. There are about 1,000 species, native mainly to North America, with some species in Central America and the Caribbean. Goldenrods are herbaceous perennials with upright stems and alternate leaves. They produce numerous small yellow flower heads arranged in dense panicles, blooming from late summer into autumn.

Goldenrods grow in meadows, prairies, open woods, and along roadsides, and generally prefer full sun and well-drained soil. They are insect-pollinated, attracting bees, butterflies, and other pollinators with plentiful nectar. Many species spread by rhizomes, and a few behave aggressively in garden settings or in the wild.

Goldenrod is popular in temperate gardens for late-season color and drought tolerance. Species such as Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) and Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) are commonly cultivated, though some forms can spread rapidly. In addition to ornament, goldenrod is used in restoration projects to support pollinators and wildlife, and several varieties are selected for cut-flower arrangements.

Goldenrod pollen is often blamed for hay fever, but most evidence points to ragweed as the primary allergen. Goldenrod pollen is relatively large and travels short distances, so it is not usually a major cause of symptoms. Historically, various Native American peoples and later herbal traditions used goldenrod for medicinal purposes, though modern evidence is limited.