goaldirectedity

Goaldirectedity refers to a property of action selection in which behavior is guided by knowledge of the consequences of actions and by current goal states. Behaviors under goaldirected control are typically sensitive to changes in outcome value and to action–outcome contingencies, and they contrast with habitual actions that are triggered by stimuli or context with little regard for current goals.

Historically, the concept is tied to the distinction between goal-directed and habitual control in instrumental learning. Early work by Tolman and subsequent formalizations in reinforcement learning describe goaldirected (or goal-directed) behavior as planning based on a model of the environment, as opposed to model-free, cached-response strategies. The term goaldirectedity is sometimes used interchangeably with goal-directedness, emphasizing the dynamic, goal-driven nature of action selection.

Measurement and mechanisms include maintaining an internal model of action–outcome relationships and expected values. Goaldirectedity is typically assessed with experiments such as outcome devaluation or contingency degradation, where reduced sensitivity indicates a shift away from goal-directed control. In computational terms, it corresponds to model-based reinforcement learning, where decisions are guided by planning rather than solely by past rewards.

Neural correlates involve prefrontal brain regions and the dorsomedial striatum, with the orbitofrontal cortex contributing to value updating. The brain is thought to arbitrate between goaldirected and habitual control based on cognitive load, motivation, and context, allowing flexible adaptation to new goals.

Development and implications note that goaldirectedity varies across individuals and situations. Factors like stress, high cognitive demand, and substance use can promote a shift toward habitual control. In artificial intelligence and robotics, goaldirectedity aligns with planning-based architectures and goal-directed policy selection.

Limitations and debates acknowledge that the dichotomy can be overly simplistic; many behaviors lie on a continuum or involve hybrid control. Operational definitions and measures vary across studies, affecting comparability.