glycyrrhizinrelated

Glycyrrhizinrelated refers to glycyrrhizin and chemically related compounds derived from licorice plants, particularly the triterpenoid saponins and their metabolites. The term covers the chemical families, their pharmacology, metabolism, and safety considerations linked to licorice-derived substances.

Chemistry and sources: Glycyrrhizin is the principal glycoside found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza spp.). It is a glycyrrhetinic acid diglycoside with two glucuronic acid residues. In the digestive tract, glycyrrhizin is hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetinic acid, which is more biologically active. Related compounds include glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives and glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronides, as well as natural and synthetic analogues studied for pharmacological effects.

Mechanism and pharmacology: A key action of glycyrrhizinrelated substances is the inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, increasing local cortisol activity at mineralocorticoid receptors. This can cause sodium retention, potassium loss, edema, and hypertension, a phenomenon known as pseudoaldosteronism. Additional effects include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, and studies have explored antiviral properties, though clinical efficacy remains unproven for most indications.

Uses and research: Glycyrrhizin and licorice extracts have longstanding use in traditional medicine and appear in various cough and throat remedies. They are not approved as primary drugs in most jurisdictions. Research continues into glycyrrhizin-related compounds for potential therapeutic benefits, with parallel emphasis on understanding safety, dosing, and interactions.

Safety and regulation: Regulatory bodies often set an acceptable daily intake for glycyrrhizin-related substances (commonly around 0.2 mg/kg body weight per day). High dietary exposure can cause pseudoaldosteronism, electrolyte disturbances, and cardiovascular effects, especially in individuals with hypertension, kidney disease, or those taking certain medications. Products containing licorice or glycyrrhizin typically require labeling and restrictions in some markets.