immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory refers to the capability of a substance or therapy to modify the immune system’s activity. Immunomodulators can enhance (immunostimulatory) or suppress (immunosuppressive) immune responses, and may affect innate and adaptive immunity alike. The effects can be context-dependent, improving host defense against pathogens or tumors while reducing tissue-damaging inflammation in autoimmune disease or transplantation.

Mechanisms include altering cytokine production, antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation and differentiation, or regulatory pathways such as JAK-STAT and NF-kB. Some agents act broadly to recalibrate immune tone, whereas others target specific cell types or receptors.

Categories include cytokines and growth factors (eg interferons, interleukins, GM-CSF), monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, small molecules, vaccines with adjuvants, and cellular therapies. Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) such as thalidomide and its analogs can modulate cytokine networks and immune cell activity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg pembrolizumab, nivolumab) unleash T cell responses against tumors. Other agents like rituximab deplete B cells, indirectly shaping immune regulation.

Applications span cancer immunotherapy, vaccination support, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and transplant medicine. While immunomodulation can improve disease control, it also carries risks such as excessive inflammation, immune-related adverse events, and increased susceptibility to infections. Careful patient selection and monitoring are essential.