glatirameracet

Glatirameracet, commonly referred to as glatiramer acetate, is a synthetic peptide medication used as a disease-modifying therapy for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is marketed under brand names such as Copaxone and Glatopa and is given by subcutaneous injection.

Mechanism: The precise mechanism is not fully understood. It is thought to mimic myelin basic protein and modulate the immune system by diverting T-cell responses away from central nervous system attack. It is believed to shift from a pro-inflammatory Th1 profile toward an anti-inflammatory Th2 profile and to promote regulatory T cells, thereby reducing inflammatory activity in MS.

Indications and dosing: Glatirameracet is indicated to reduce the frequency of clinical relapses and slow disability progression in relapsing MS. Dosing regimens include 20 mg subcutaneously once daily, or 40 mg subcutaneously three times weekly, depending on the product and regimen. It is typically self-administered after training.

Safety: The most common adverse effects are injection-site reactions (pain, redness, swelling). Systemic reactions may include flushing, chest pain or tightness, palpitations, shortness of breath, and anxiety, usually occurring shortly after injection. Other possible effects include headaches and skin changes at the injection site. Hypersensitivity reactions are rare. The drug is generally considered to be relatively safe in pregnancy when benefits outweigh risks; treatment should be individualized.

Limitations: Glatirameracet is not indicated for primary progressive MS and may be less effective in non-relapsing forms. As with all MS therapies, treatment decisions should be made in consultation with a clinician.