glatiramer

Glatiramer acetate, sold under brand names such as Copaxone, is an immunomodulatory drug used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a random polymer composed of four amino acids (L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine, and L-lysine) that resembles myelin basic protein in the immune system.

The exact mechanism is not fully understood. It is thought to act as a decoy antigen, diverting immune attacks away from myelin, and to shift T cell responses from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 types, potentially reducing CNS inflammation and relapse activity.

Indications and efficacy: Glatiramer acetate is approved for relapsing forms of MS to reduce the frequency of clinical relapses and may slow accumulation of physical disability. It has been shown to reduce relapse rates and new MRI lesions in clinical trials relative to placebo.

Administration and dosing: It is given by subcutaneous injection. In common regimens, a 20 mg dose is given daily, or a 40 mg dose is given three times weekly, with injections administered at least 48 hours apart.

Safety and side effects: The most common adverse effects are injection-site reactions such as redness, pain, or swelling. Immediate post-injection reactions may include chest pressure, flushing, anxiety, and palpitations. Less common effects include lipodystrophy at injection sites and rare allergic reactions. It does not typically cause systemic immunosuppression.

Storage and availability: Glatiramer acetate is stored refrigerated and should be protected from light; it may be kept at room temperature for limited periods before use. Generic and brand-name versions are available in many regions; in some markets, multiple dosing regimens are offered.