ginseng

Ginseng is a common name for several slow-growing perennial plants in the genus Panax, whose roots are used for medicinal purposes. The two most widely used species are Panax ginseng, known as Asian or Korean ginseng, and Panax quinquefolius, known as American ginseng. A number of non-Panax species, such as Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), are marketed under the general banner of ginseng but are botanically distinct and are not true ginseng.

The active constituents are ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroid glycosides, along with polysaccharides and other compounds. The chemical profile and content can vary with species, growing conditions, and processing. Ginseng root can be used fresh, dried (white ginseng), or steamed (red ginseng); extracts and standardized preparations are also common.

Traditionally, ginseng has been used to promote vitality, stamina, and immune function, and to support cognitive performance. In modern research, results are mixed; some studies report modest improvement in fatigue or exercise performance, while others find no significant effect. The quality of evidence varies and may depend on preparation and dose.

Safety and regulatory considerations include the potential for insomnia, agitation, gastrointestinal upset, or headaches, especially at higher doses. Ginseng can interact with anticoagulants, antidiabetic medications, and some antidepressants. People with hormone-sensitive conditions or pregnancy should avoid use unless advised by a clinician.

Ginseng is cultivated in East Asia and North America, with harvesting typically after several years of root development. In some markets, wild-harvested roots have raised conservation concerns. Quality standards often specify ginsenoside content or other markers in commercial products.